Burya buri gisekuru kigira ibyacyo, ariko hari bimwe biza umuntu akayoberwa aho byavuye ndetse buri wese ugasanga afite amakuru ariko wamubaza aho yayakuye akaba atabasha kuhasobanura. Uku niko amakuru y’imari zihenze kandi zitaboneka yakwiriye mu bantu bose ariko hatazwi uwayazanye ari nde?

Mu myaka ya za 2009 na 2010 kuzamura niho hatangiye kumvikana amakuru y’abantu bashakishaga imari zizwi na bacye, izo mari zigiye zinyuranye ariko hari izamenyekanye kurusha. Aha harimo amacupa manini yitwa ikarabiya yazagamo inzoga zihenze kuva I burayi, aya macupa kandi koko yabaga ari umwihariko kuko munsi yabaga afite rukuruzi (magnet), harimo ipasi za kera zabaga ziriho umutwe w’intare, harimo kandi umutaka muremure wabaga ufite ikirindi cy’icyuma, icupa rya Primus rya kera ryabaga ririho inzoka, ni urutonde rurerure rw’ibikoresho bya kera byabaga bishakishwa. Ariko igitangaje nuko ari imari washoboraga gushaka wanayibona ntubone umuguzi kuko buri wese yabaga agendana amakuru nkayo ariko atazi mu by’ukuri inkomoko yayo makuru ndetse atazi n’umukiliya nyakuri w’izo mari.

Aya ni amakuru kandi washoboraga gusanga mu gihugu hose ndetse ukaba wakubitana n’umuntu akubaza ibijyanye nizo mari ari kuzishaka wareba neza ugasanga nawe waruri kuzishaka.

Izi mari zabagamo iki? 

Ikarabiya, ipasi, umutaka, icupa nizindi mari zashakishwaga icyo gihe byavugwaga ko zabaga zikoranye amabuye y’agaciro asanzwe ahenze, nk’ikarabiya byavugwaga ko yabaga irimo ibuye ry’agaciro rya Mercure risanzwe rihenze cyane, kimwe nuyu mutaka byavugwaga ngo mu kirindi cyawo habaga harimo Mercure naho. Ni mugihe mu ipasi byavugwaga ko harimo zahabu. Aya ni amakuru tutigeze tubasha kugenzura niba koko aya mabuye yarabaga arimo.

Aya makuru yasakaye igihugu cyose ndetse bamwe mu bahigi b’ubutunzi (treasure hunters) bashoramo amafaranga n’abakozi benshi biringiye kuzabona ibi bikoresho bakabigurisha ama miliyoni atagira umubare. Gusa uko iminsi yaje guhita indi igataha byagaragaye ko hari abatekamutwe bahimbaga aya makuru maze bakayakwiza mu baturage.

Wakwibaza uti babigenzaga gute? 

Aba batekamutwe bakoraga amatsinda magari maze bakagabana imirimo, itsinda rimwe ryabanzaga kuzenguruka mu baturage maze bakababwira ko izo mari zikenewe bakababwira izarizo ndetse n’ibizigize, iyo bamenyaga neza ko amakuru yamaze gucengera mu bo babaga bashaka gucuruza utwabo, hahitaga hakurikiraho itsinda ry’abandi bantu bazengurutsaga andi makuru mu baturage buri umwe murabo batekamutwe akagenda avuga ko afite igikoresho mu rugo yabuze icyo akoresha cyangwa akabikubwira mu bundi ariko bikarangira agushije ku kuba afite ikintu murugo wowe ukeneye ariko akakwereka ko asa naho atazi agaciro kacyo ndetse wowe ugatanguranwa umubaza amafaranga agishakamo ingano yayo, byabaga bimeze nkaho umufatiranye ugatangira kwipanda amafaranga umuha.

Urugero akakubwira ati mfite ipasi ya kera ariko sinkiyikoresha ngiye kwigurira iy’umuriro, nawe uti ese wayinyihereye undi ati oya nzayigumana ijye inyibutsa ibyahise, ugakomeza uti nguhe angahe, bikagenda uko bikarangira agukuyemo nk’ibihumbi 100, ukayigura wazashaka ba bantu bazikeneye ugaheba ipasi ikagupfana ubusa ndetse ntuzigere wongera kumva abayikeneye na rimwe.

Ubu butekamutwe bwageze ku bantu benshi ndetse bamwe bahahombera amafaranga menshi kuko bayatangaga bizeye ko izi mari bazazigurisha amafaranga atagira ingano nkuko byavugwaga. Hari n’abatangaga amafaranga nta mari babonye ahubwo babikoraga bijejwe ko bagiye kuzibazanira.

Wowe izindi mari wibuka ni izihe?

Iyi si dutuye ni nini kuburyo ifite amayobera menshi yayobeye n’abahanga mu bya siyansi. Hari agace ku isi kananiye abantu bose ku buryo byamaze kwemezwa ko ari agace kabi cyane ku kiremwamuntu ndetse bikaba bizwi ko uramutse uhahagaze iminota itanu gusa wahita upfa.

Icyakora nubwo biri uko hari n’ibibi byinshi biba ku isi ariko ugasanga byaturutse ku bikorwa bya muntu rimwe na rimwe ibikorwa bidafite nicyo bimariye isi. Ibi ndabivuga kubera ko burya ikoranabuhanga rya mbere riba ku isi akenshi ribanza guca mu gisirikare ari nayo mpamvu usanga ibigendanye n’intwaro aribyo bintu bitera imbere ku isi buri kanya kurusha ibindi byose. Iyo bavuze intwaro kirimbuzi ntukagire ngo ni ugukabya inkuru, ahubwo ni ukuri ni ibintu biriho, izi ntwaro zizwi nka nikleyeri zitwa kirimbuzi ariko zikaba kirimbuzi neza iyo zikoreshejwe, iyo habayeho guturika.

Kuwa 26 Mata 1986 mu mujyi wa Chernobyl muri Ukraine habayeho guturika mu ruganda rumwe mu zatunganyaga ingufu za nikleyeri ngo zibyazwe amashanyarazi, uko guturika kwaturutse ku gakosa gato cyane katumye uruganda rwose ruhita rusenyuka ndetse abantu 30 ako kanya bahise bapfa. Byibuze iyo abo bantu baza gupfa bikarangirira aho ntacyo byari kuba bitwaye cyane, nyamara siko byagenze ahubwo nyuma yo guturika imirasire ikaze (radiations) yakwirakwiye mu kirere kitari icya Ukraine gusa, ahubwo byageze no mu bindi bihugu nka Sweden, Russia, na Belarus, ibyo byatumye ikirere cyandura cyane ndetse n’abantu bose bari batuye muri ako gace uruganda rwarimo bagenda bapfa gacye gacye bitewe niyo mirasire.

Uko kwandura kw’ikirere kwanateye uburwayi bukomeye abandi bantu benshi bagiye bapfa nyuma y’imyaka runaka mu bihe bitandukanye. Ingaruka zuko guturika zatwaye leta miliyoni zirenga 700 z’amadolari ngo ibintu bisubizwe mu buryo ariko hari ibyari byarenze umurongo, nko kuba ako gace uruganda rwarimo katarongeye guturwa n’ikinyabuzima icyaricyo cyose kuva ku bimera, inyamaswa, ndetse n’abantu kugeza n’ubu. Sibyo gusa, mu ruganda rwagati aho iturika ryabereye, hari ibinyabutabire bya Uranium byahise bishonga ariko biza kuvamo ikibumbe kinini kiruma, ntabwo cyumye ngo gituze ahubwo uko iminsi ishira kuva icyo gihe kigenda kiba uburozi bukaze ndetse kirekura n’ubundi imirasire ikaze kandi yangiza vuba.

Aka gace rero karimo iki kibumbe niko gafatwa nk’aka mbere kabi mu mibereho ya muntu. Bitewe niyo mirasire uhamaze iminota itanu gusa waba wamaze kubura ubuzima.

Ku itariki ya 03 Mutarama 2009 nibwo bwa mbere habayeho gucukura (mining) kwa mbere kw’ifaranga ubu ryifuzwa na benshi ku isi. Ni ugucukura benshi batari baziko kuzagira akamaro kuko ni n’akazi kari kaje ariko hatazwi icyo kazamara mu minsi izaza.

Bitcoin ubu yabaye umwami w’ifaranga ryaba irifatika (paper money) ndetse n’iridafatika (cryptocurrency) uku gucukura kwa mbere kwabayeho kwakozwe n’umuntu nanubu utazwi isura ndetse n’imyirondoro nyakuri ariko we yiyitaga “Satoshi Nakamoto”.

Kuva icyo gihe kugeza nubu Satoshi Nakamoto ni izina ryabaye ikimenyabose ariko bamwe batekereza ko ari umuntu umwe cyangwa se bikaba ari itsinda ry’abantu nanubu bataramenyekana biyise iryo zina, iryo zina rero niba nawe urizi niryo riri inyuma y’iremwa ry’ifaranga rikomeye ku isi ryitwa Bitcoin rikaba rikorera kuri internet ariko rihenze kuburyo buri hejuru cyane. Kugira ngo ubyumve neza nuko ubu Bitcoin imwe ihagaze agaciro k’amadolari ibihumbi 57,205 (aya asaga miliyoni 80 mu mafaranga y’u Rwanda) ngaho ibaze nawe ifaranga ringana ariko uwarishyizeho akaba atazwi kugeza n’uyu munsi.

Icyakora mbere yuko habaho iremwa rya Bitcoin izina Satoshi Nakamoto ryari rizwi ariko nabwo rizwi n’abantu gusa bari abahanga kuri mudasobwa (developers, hackers) iri zina ryamenyekanye cyane ubwo uwo muntu urikoresha yashyiraga kuri internet ikimeze nk’itangazo kiswe white paper ndetse akakiganiraho n’abahanga bakoreshaga ikoranabuhanga icyo gihe, iryo tangazo ryavugaga ko Bitcoin aribwo buryo bugiye kuza ku isi, bukaba ari uburyo bushya bugiye kuzajya bukoresha mu bucuruzi ubwaribwo bwose ndetse no kwishyurana ariko hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ni inyandiko yagiye hanze kuwa 31 Ukwakira 2008 urwandiko ruti: “Ubu buryo bwo kwishyurana hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga buzaba butandukanye n’ubusanzwe kuko uzajya wikorera ubucuruzi na mugenzi wawe mwishyurane hatajemo ibigo by’imari (banks).

Byari bisobanuye neza ko ari ifaranga ritazaba rigenzurwa nuwariwe wese ahubwo urifite ariwe uzajya aryigenzurira gusa. Iyo nyandiko rero urebye niyo mbanzirizamushinga wa mbere w’iremwa rya Bitcoin, kuva ubwo Satoshi nibwo yabaye ikimenyabose nubwo yavuze byafatwaga nk’amahamba kuko byari bigoye gusobanura ko habaho ifaranga ritari mu biganza bya leta iyariyo yose.

Icyakora nubwo uwakoze bitcoin akiri amayobera ifaranga yakoze ryo si amayobera, kuko ibyo yavugaga byaje kubaho. Bitcoin ubu ni ifaranga witungira nta leta yaritesha agaciro uko yishakiye ndetse urifite niwe ugena uburyo bwo kurikoresha nta nkomyi. Umuntu wa mbere wakoze ubucuruzi akoresheje Bitcoin yabukoze kuwa 22 Gicurasi 2010 aho umugabo yatanze Bitcoin ibihumbi 10 bakamuha Pizza 2 zihagaze amadolari 41, uwo munsi wahise ujya mu mateka witwa umunsi wa Pizza za Bitcoin “Bitcoin Pizza day” nibwo bwa mbere hari habayeho ubucuruzi ubwaribwo bwose bwifashishije ifaranga ridafatika (cryptocurrency).

Ariko se ni bande bakekwa bashobora kuba barimo Satoshi Nakamoto?

Nyuma y’imyaka rwa rwandiko rugiye hanze uwakoreshaga aya mazina ya Nakamoto Satoshi yahise abivamo ibya Bitcoin, ndetse icyo gihe kuwa 23 Mata 2011, yandikiye mugenzi we email akaba ari uwo bafatanyaga gushyira ku murongo (developing) bitcoin amubwira ko we yigiriye gukora ibindi ibya Bitcoin yabivuyemo, icyakora yashimangiye ko ahazaza ha Bitcoin ari heza ndetse iri mu maboko meza. Kuva icyo gihe ntabwo Satoshi yongeye kugaragara kuri internet ndetse nta muntu numwe wigeze avuga ko bongeye kuvugana sibyo gusa kuko hanakozwe ubushakashatsi ngo harebwe email ya nyuma yanditse aho yaje ituruka ariko ntanumwe wigeze ahamenya.

Mu mateka yose ya bitcoin nta kintu kigeze cyayobeye benshi nk’umuntu wayikoze, iryo zina gusa niryo ryamenyekanye ariko nta sura, nta mwirondoro wundi, nta hantu runaka yabaga cyangwa ibindi. Hari abantu bavuga ko Satoshi Nakamoto ari akabyiniriro k’itsinda ry’abahanga kuri mudasobwa, ariko abandi bagakeka ko Satoshi ari umuntu umwe mu muryango w’aba yakuza baba mu bwongereza hari n’abavuga ko ari umugore wigize umugabo.

Ariko uko imyaka igenda ihita hari abakekwa ko haba harimo umwe akaba ariwe Satoshi nyakuri, abandi bakavuga ko ahubwo abo bakekwa ariryo tsinda ryiyise Satoshi ryatunganyije Bitcoin.

Abo bantu ni bande? 

Muri 2014 umunyamakuru Leah M Goodman yanditse inkuru yashikuye imitima y’abantu yavugaga ngo ngiye kubabwira bamwe mu bari inyuma y’ifaranga rya bitcoin. Ntawundi yari agiye kuvuga ni umugabo n’ubundi wihebeye ibya mudasobwa ufite ibisekuru mu buyapani ariko akaba yibera muri Amerika ariwe Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto. Icyo gihe uyu mugabo yari afite imyaka 64, icyakora ubwo bakoranaga ikiganiro nuyu munyamakuru Dorian yatangaje ko ntahantu na hamwe ahuriye na Bitcoin ndetse ntanicyo ayiziho kijyanye n’iremwa ryayo, nyuma babandi cyangwa wawundi wiyise Satoshi Nakamoto wa bitcoin wa nyawe yanditse avuga ko ntaho ahuriye na Dorian.

Bitandukanye n’abandi wasangaga bakekwa ko baba aribo bashinze bitcoin uyu munya Australia Craig Wright we ubwe yitangarije ko ariwe nyiri Bitcoin. Gusa abantu ntibashyizwe bagiye gukora ubushakashatsi bwinshi ariko nyuma biza gutahurwa ko uyu mugabo abeshya ntaho ahuriye n’ishingwa rya bitcoin nubwo nawe asanzwe ari umuhanga mubya mudasobwa.

Kimwe mu byatumye Nick Szabo nawe aza ku rutonde rw’abakekwa nuko neza neza nawe afite byinshi yakoze mbere bisa na bitcoin, kuva mu 1996 yashyize hanze inyandiko zivuga ko bizatinda hakazaho uburyo bw’imyishyurire butameze nk’ubusanzwe aho umuntu ariwe uzajya acunga umutungo we leta itabyitambitsemo ndetse bidasabye ibigo by’imari. Muri 2008 mbere gato y’ishingwa rya Bitcoin nabwo yashyize hanze izindi nyandiko zijya kumera uku. Sibyo gusa kuko Szabo na Satoshi burigihe mu mvugo no mu nyandiko zabo bibandaga ku muntu bafatiraho icyitegererezo umuhanga mubukungu Carl Menger. Gusa Nick Szabo nawe yaje kwamaganira kure ibyavugwaga yemeza ko ntaho ahuriye na Satoshi Nakamoto.

Nubwo abakekwa ari benshi, gusa kugeza nuyu munsi ntiharamenyekana umuntu wa nyawe washinze bitcoin, ndetse we n’itsinda ryamufashaga nibo bonyine bafite imikorere ya bitcoin, ni ifaraga rizamuka umunsi kuwundi kugeza naho mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe ama bank yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugura no kugurisha bitcoin. Icyakora abantu benshi bakangurirwa gukoresha bitcoin mu bushishozi bukomeye kuko nubwo ari ifaranga uba wigengaho ariko ari n’ifaranga utashingira muburyo bwose kuko igihe cyose ushobora kwisanga ibyo warufite byagiye bitewe nuko nta hantu hazwi wabariza.

Kugira ngo ubyumve neza bitewe nuko Bitcoin ari amafaranga uba ufite kuri internet gusa, ugize ibyago ibisambo byo kuri internet hackers bikakwinirira bikakwiba waba ubuze byose kandi ibi biraba kenshi. Ikindi kirenzeho nuko bamwe batajya bizera neza ko koko bitcoin hatazwi nyirayo, ahubwo bamwe bagashimangira ko ari igihugu runaka kigamije gutwara abantu ubutunzi mu gihe runaka bazabishakira kuko ubu uwo wakwiba bitcoin wese ntaho yajya kurega